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Proteins :

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Proteins make up more than 50% of the dry weight in living cells and are found in all cells and throughout the body All its parts. And the word protein means in the Greek language (come first), and this may reflect the importance of protein in life. Proteins are complex multimolecular compounds made of chains of building blocks called amino acids. These amino acids contain a number of elements, the most important of which are carbon, then oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen. Some amino acids (the building blocks of protein) contain sulfur and phosphorous.

Proteins are essential for life and its continuity, as well as part of the body composition of all living things. Some proteins may contain other elements in addition to the previous elements, such as iron in hemoglobin protein, which is found in the blood, and copper and zinc. The nature of protein synthesis affects its vital functions in living organisms.

Protein synthesis :

Amino acids are the building blocks of protein, and these amino acids are bound by bonds that link them together with each other called peptide bonds. These amino acids differ in terms of chemical composition from each other, and they may be restricted to 22 amino acid in the universe. Living things can synthesize some of these amino acids inside their bodies and therefore they are called nonessential amino acids. As for others, which cannot be synthesized, and must be taken with food, they are called essential amino acids, which number about ten. Amino acids can be considered as writing letters in the synthesis of proteins, meaning that there are 20 letters of writing an infinite number of proteins, which are equivalent to linguistic expressions.

Proteins are related to the type of the organism, and are governed by genetic and environmental factors that govern and affect this organism. Meat protein differs from egg protein, which differs from legume proteins according to the types of amino acids and the nature of their presence in the protein chain. In other words, proteins can be used as a fingerprint, as they are specific to every organism in this world.

Proteins are found in structures of different three dimensions (length x width x height), including horizontal, circular and convoluted, to fulfill their important biological purposes for living organisms and humans.

These proteins are made of amino acids that interact in the universe like other chemical compounds, and thus behave a certain way in these organic reactions. Some of these proteins may act as enzymes or hormones - factors that regulate life processes - such as the hormone insulin, which regulates blood sugar. That is, proteins have a specific chemical behavior for each species, and this chemical behavior determines the biological function of the protein.

Protein functions :

1-Proteins are the building blocks of the human body and living organisms, and they maintain the body's organs as well.

2-In living organisms, some proteins act as a means or tool for contracting and extension, or for changing shape, or for movement from one place to another.

3-Proteins make up the fibrous tissue in cartilage and the connective tissues of the muscles. The skin, for example, is made mostly of a specific protein called collagen. Hair and nails are also made of protein. In the bones, it is the protein network that allows certain minerals to be attached to the support and the appropriate strength.

4-Proteins are found in some biological structures, such as those in wheat germ, eggs and milk, which humans use in their food, and are considered a source of energy as well.

5- All enzymes are proteins, and enzymes act as cofactors in metabolism and biological metabolic processes, and enzymes are many types of proteins that are very specialized for specific functions. Almost all biological chemical reactions that take place inside living cells involve enzymes as cofactors. It has been possible to count and classify more than two thousand types of enzymes in organisms Live. One of the known proteins in the universe is chlorophyll, which performs photosynthesis.

6-Many proteins act as substances that regulate the vital processes of fluid movement to and from the cell.

7-Proteins act like soldiers in defending the body, fending off microbes and healing wounds. And the human lymphatic system manufactures a number of antibodies that help him to form the necessary immunity against the invaders. In the case of wounds, for example, certain proteins work to clot the blood at the site of the wound to help stop its flow and loss.

8- Proteins are used in the food industry for their unique functional properties, for example the composition of dough in bread making comes from the protein web in wheat. As for dairy products and protein, or egg proteins, they are used in the pastry industry. The composition of the jelly and jelly comes from the presence of certain proteins for this function, and some proteins are added in the manufacture of sausages and processed meats as fixative materials to give shape and texture when added to ground meat.

Symptoms of protein deficiency :

Proteins are not required for human nutrition, but for the amino acids that they contain. An adult man requires and types of essential amino acids in the range of 1/2 to 2 grams per day. In developing babies, they need 10 types of amino acids. A student at university age needs about 50 grams of protein per day, which he gets from a number of animal sources such as meat and eggs, or from plants such as legumes. The nutritional value of protein is determined by a number of factors, the most important of which are:

1-The necessity to contain the essential amino acids human food.

- 2Its ability to digest and metabolize, meaning that the body can digest it to be useful in terms of human nutrition.

Protein deficiency is associated with a number of common diseases such as wasting disease (syndrome), which means in Greek (lose) and kwashicur disease (which is an African word for weaning disease), which are two of the food deficiency diseases that are common in children in poor countries, and they often occur together. Children go through critical stages in growth that require foods rich in protein and energy, and when An acute shortage of these substances occurs such diseases, and the disease, or wasting, is characterized by stunted growth, muscle loss, general weakness, and anemia later, and the matter may become more complicated when it is associated with a lack of vitamins and minerals.

And when children suffer from a lack of protein intake with the availability of energy-rich foods, the symptoms are called kwashicur disease, which may occur to older children or even adults in the elderly. The death rate is very high for children who are exposed to rasmus or kuchikur disease because protein deficiency results in an imbalance in the water balance in the body between blood and tissues. This is in addition to the effects that occur in the liver, pancreas and kidneys, and even if death is not the fate, children who are exposed to these two diseases are accompanied by a defect in the performance of body functions (physiology) and leave effects on their mental ability and lack of energy in collecting lessons and learning later.

There is a group of hereditary diseases that are related to the representation of amino acids and are linked to certain defects that appear in the inability or deficiency in the production of some important enzymes necessary for the representation of amino acids and their utilization. And there may be a lack of the ability to synthesize some enzymes that act to represent other substances, such as digesting milk sugar. Since all enzymes are proteins, this means that deficiency of some proteins may lead to various genetic diseases.